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Aviation

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Aviation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aviation (disambiguation)">Aviation (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Air transport" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Air_transport_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air transport (disambiguation)">Air transport (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee">

<a href="Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">Modes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Automation</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of animal-powered transport">Animal-powered</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="School_bus" title="School bus">School</a></li>

<li><a href="Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Cycle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Fighting vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered</a>

<ul><li><a href="People_Powered_Vehicle" title="People Powered Vehicle">Vehicle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Train" title="Train">Train</a>

<ul><li><a href="High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Water</a>

<li><a href="Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

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Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_transportation_technology" title="Timeline of transportation technology">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Planning</a></li></ul></td>

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Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_source_air_pollution" title="Mobile source air pollution">Air pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Accessibility_(transport)" title="Accessibility (transport)">Accessibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_transport_accessibility_level" title="Public transport accessibility level">Level</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle_transportation_planning_and_engineering" title="Bicycle transportation planning and engineering">Bicycle transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Car

<ul><li><a href="Alternatives_to_car_use" title="Alternatives to car use">Alternatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_costs" title="Car costs">Costs</a></li>

<li><a href="Externalities_of_cars" title="Externalities of cars">Externalities</a></li>

<li><a href="Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Green transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_and_environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and environmental impact of transport">Health and environmental impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">Exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_public_transport" title="Personal public transport">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Private_transport" title="Private transport">Private</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

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Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical <a href="Flight" title="Flight">flight</a> and the <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> industry. Aircraft include <a href="Airplane" title="Airplane">fixed-wing</a> and <a href="Helicopter" title="Helicopter">rotary-wing</a> types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as <a href="Aerostat" title="Aerostat">lighter-than-air aircraft</a> such as <a href="Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">hot air balloons</a> and <a href="Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>.

Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the <a href="Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a>, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through <a href="Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. Clément Ader built the "Ader Éole" in France and made an uncontrolled, powered hop in 1890. This was the first powered aircraft, although it did not achieve controlled flight. Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of <a href="Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> in 1896. A major leap followed with the construction of the <a href="Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, the first powered <a href="Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> by the <a href="Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> in the early 1900s.

Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the jet engine which enabled aviation to become a major form of transport throughout the world. In 2024, there were 9.5 billion passengers worldwide according to the <a href="International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> As of 2018, estimates suggest that 11% of the world's population traveled by air, with up to 4% taking international flights.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The word aviation was coined by the French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He originally derived the term from the verb avier (an unsuccessful <a href="Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for "to fly"), itself derived from the Latin word avis ("bird") and the suffix -ation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassard200877-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline of aviation</a>.</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_beginnings">Early beginnings</h3></div>

There are early legends of human flight such as the stories of <a href="Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a> in Greek myth, <a href="Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> and <a href="Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a> in Persian myth,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and the flying automaton of <a href="Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> of <a href="Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> (428–347 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerliner199628-6">[6]</a> Later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the winged flights of <a href="Abbas_ibn_Firnas" title="Abbas ibn Firnas">Abbas ibn Firnas</a> (810–887, recorded in the 17th century), <a href="Eilmer_of_Malmesbury" title="Eilmer of Malmesbury">Eilmer of Malmesbury</a> (11th century, recorded in the 12th century) and the hot-air Passarola of <a href="Bartholomeu_Louren%C3%A7o_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão">Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão</a> (1685–1724).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighter_than_air">Lighter than air</h3></div>

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, of a <a href="Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> designed by the <a href="Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ballon_Flight-8">[8]</a> The usefulness of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. The first steerable <a href="Airship" title="Airship">dirigible</a>, balloon was flown by <a href="Jean-Pierre_Blanchard" title="Jean-Pierre Blanchard">Jean-Pierre Blanchard</a> in 1784. It was human-powered and, Blanchard completed a successful crossing of the English Channel in one in 1785.

<a href="Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">Rigid airships</a> became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best-known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German <a href="Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> company.

The most successful Zeppelin was the <a href="LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">Graf Zeppelin</a>. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937. That year the <a href="LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was initially blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer found that the coating used in the material covering the frame was highly flammable and allowed static electricity to build up in the airship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Angelis200187–101-9">[9]</a> Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.<a href="#cite_note-Civil_Transport_Aircraft-10">[10]</a> There had been previous airship accidents that were more fatal, for instance, a <a href="R38-class_airship" title="R38-class airship">British R38</a> on 23 August 1921,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> but the Hindenburg was the first to be captured on newsreel.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavier_than_air">Heavier than air</h3></div>

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In 1799, Sir <a href="George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion and control.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<a href="Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with <a href="Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> therefore making the idea of "<a href="Heavier_than_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier than air">heavier than air</a>" a reality. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favorably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical.

Lilienthal's work led him to develop the concept of the modern wing.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His flight attempts in <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and the <a href="Lilienthal_Normalsegelapparat" title="Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat">Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat</a> is considered to be the first airplane in series production, making the Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal in <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> the first air plane production company in the world.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

Lilienthal is often referred to as either the "father of aviation"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> or "father of flight".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw dirigible developments, such as <a href="Henri_Giffard" title="Henri Giffard">Henri Giffard</a>'s included machine-powered propulsion <a href="Giffard_dirigible" title="Giffard dirigible">Giffard dirigible</a> in 1852, <a href="David_Schwarz_(aviation_inventor)" title="David Schwarz (aviation inventor)">David Schwarz'</a> rigid frame dirigible in 1896 and (<a href="Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>'s improvements to speed and maneuverability in 1901.

There are <a href="Early_flying_machines#Adding_power" title="Early flying machines">many competing claims</a> for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by <a href="Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> on October 9, 1890, in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled <a href="Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, the <a href="Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a>. It was reportedly the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance of 50 meters (160 ft), but insignificant altitude from level ground.<a href="#cite_note-b-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Seven years later, on October 14, 1897, Ader's <a href="Ader_Avion_III" title="Ader Avion III">Avion III</a> was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry. The report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906, Ader said that he made a successful flight on October 14, 1897 and achieved an uninterrupted flight of around 300 meters (980 feet). Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

The <a href="Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> made the <a href="Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">first successful</a> powered, controlled and sustained airplane flight on December 17, 1903, a feat made possible by their invention of <a href="Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">three-axis</a> control<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and in-house development of an engine with a sufficient <a href="Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A decade later, at the start of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting and attacks against ground positions.

Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14, 1908.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first <a href="Transatlantic_flight_of_Alcock_and_Brown" title="Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown">transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown</a> in 1919, <a href="Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>'s solo transatlantic flight in 1927 and <a href="Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a>'s transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the <a href="Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a>, which became the first <a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a> to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. During World War II one of the first jet engines was developed by Hans von Ohain and accomplished the world's first jet-powered flight in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first <a href="Turbojet" title="Turbojet">jet</a> aircraft and the first liquid-fueled <a href="Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>.

After World War II, especially in <a href="Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">North America</a>, there was a boom in <a href="General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as <a href="Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a>, <a href="Piper_Aircraft" title="Piper Aircraft">Piper</a>, and <a href="Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a> expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the <a href="De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a>, though the first widely used passenger jet was the <a href="Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at that time. At the same time, <a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turboprop</a> propulsion started to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.

Since the 1960s <a href="Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and <a href="Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> provided <a href="Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic passenger service</a> for more than two decades. However, the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of <a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">solid-state</a> electronics, the <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, <a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite communications</a>, and increasingly small and powerful computers and <a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of <a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through <a href="Synthetic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic vision">synthetic vision</a>, even at night or in low visibility.

On June 21, 2004, <a href="SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> became the first privately funded aircraft to make a <a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile, the need to <a href="Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">decarbonize</a> the aviation industry to face the <a href="Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a> has increased research into aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, with flying prototypes becoming more common.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_of_aircraft">Operations of aircraft</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_aviation">Civil aviation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">Civil aviation</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a> and <a href="Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">Private aviation</a></div>

Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both <a href="General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> and <a href="Scheduled_air_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled air transport">scheduled air transport</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></div>

There are seven major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft:

<ul><li><a href="Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, based in Europe</li>

<li><a href="Antonov" title="Antonov">Antonov</a>, based in Ukraine</li>

<li><a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, based in the United States</li>

<li><a href="Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a>, based in Canada</li>

<li><a href="Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a>, based in China</li>

<li><a href="Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, based in Brazil</li>

<li><a href="United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">United Aircraft Corporation</a>, based in Russia, with its subsidiaries <a href="Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, <a href="Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a>, <a href="Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a> and <a href="Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a></li></ul>

Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet <a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on <a href="Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">regional airliners</a>. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese <a href="ACAC_consortium" title="ACAC consortium">ACAC consortium</a> has also recently entered the civil transport market with its <a href="Comac_ARJ21" class="mw-redirect" title="Comac ARJ21">Comac ARJ21</a> regional jet.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

Until the 1970s, most major airlines were <a href="Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a>, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then, <a href="Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">open skies</a> agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, as well as crises such as the <a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the <a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS pandemic</a> have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, <a href="Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a> such as <a href="Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, <a href="Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest</a> and <a href="WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a> have flourished.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_aviation">General aviation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="General_aviation" title="General aviation">General aviation</a></div>

General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both <a href="Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">private</a> and <a href="Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial</a>. General aviation may include business flights, <a href="Air_charter" title="Air charter">air charter</a>, private aviation, <a href="Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a>, <a href="Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">ballooning</a>, <a href="Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>, <a href="Parachuting" title="Parachuting">parachuting</a>, <a href="Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliding</a>, <a href="Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliding</a>, <a href="Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, <a href="Powered_hang_glider" title="Powered hang glider">foot-launched powered hang gliders</a>, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, <a href="Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">traffic reporting</a>, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.

Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved.

Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training.

The most important recent developments for small aircraft, which form the bulk of the GA fleet, have been the introduction of advanced <a href="Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> (including <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>) that were formerly found only in large <a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>, and the introduction of <a href="Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> to make small aircraft lighter and faster. <a href="Ultralight_aviation" title="Ultralight aviation">Ultralight</a> and <a href="Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt aircraft</a> have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_aviation">Military aviation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">Military aviation</a> and <a href="Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></div>

Simple <a href="Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a> were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years, <a href="Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance and the speed of production.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_military_aviation">Types of military aviation</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a>'s primary function is to destroy other aircraft.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a>, <a href="Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>, <a href="McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15</a>, <a href="MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>, <a href="Su-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-27">Su-27</a>, and the <a href="F-22" class="mw-redirect" title="F-22">F-22</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">Ground attack aircraft</a> are used against <a href="Tactical_bombing" title="Tactical bombing">tactical</a> Earth-bound targets.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>, <a href="A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a>, <a href="Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Il-2</a>, <a href="J-22_Orao" class="mw-redirect" title="J-22 Orao">J-22 Orao</a>, <a href="AH-64" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64">AH-64</a> and the <a href="Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a> are generally used against more <a href="Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic</a> targets, such as factories and oil fields.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="B-2" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2">B-2</a>, <a href="Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a>, <a href="Dassault_Mirage_IV" title="Dassault Mirage IV">Mirage IV</a>, and the <a href="B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transport aircraft</a> are used to transport hardware and personnel.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a>, <a href="C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> and the <a href="Mil_Mi-26" title="Mil Mi-26">Mil Mi-26</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Surveillance</a> and <a href="Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> aircraft obtain information about enemy forces.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="RC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="RC-135">RC-135</a>, <a href="E-8_Joint_STARS" class="mw-redirect" title="E-8 Joint STARS">E-8</a>, <a href="Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>, <a href="Bell_OH-58_Kiowa" title="Bell OH-58 Kiowa">OH-58</a> and the <a href="MiG-25R" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-25R">MiG-25R</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs) are used primarily as reconnaissance fixed-wing aircraft, though many also carry payloads.

<ul><li>Examples: the <a href="MQ-9" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-9">MQ-9</a>, <a href="RQ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="RQ-4">RQ-4</a>, and <a href="MQ-1C" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1C">MQ-1C Gray Eagle</a>). Cargo aircraft are in development.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a> deliver warheads, normally explosives.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_safety">Air safety</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></div>

Aviation safety means the state of an aviation system or organization in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. It encompasses the theory, practice, investigation, and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_MRO">Aviation MRO</h3></div>

A maintenance, repair, and overhaul organization (MRO) is a firm that ensures airworthiness or air transport. According to a 2024 article, "maintenance (M) involves inspecting, cleaning, oiling, and changing aircraft parts after a certain number of flight hours. Repair (R) is restoring the original function of parts and components. Overhaul (O) refers to extensive maintenance, the complete refurbishment of the aircraft, and upgrades in avionics, which can take several weeks to complete."<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> Airlines are legally obligated to certify airworthiness, meaning that a civil aviation authority must approve an aircraft suitable for safe flight operations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> MRO firms are responsible for this process, thoroughly checking and documenting all components' repairs while tracking mechanical, propulsion, and electronic parts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Aviation regulators oversee maintenance practices in the country of aircraft registration, manufacture, or current location. All aircraft maintenance activities must adhere to international regulations that mandate standards.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a></div>

An aviation accident is defined by the <a href="Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a> Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is destroyed, is called a hull loss accident.<a href="#cite_note-AirSafe.com-43">[43]</a>

The first fatal aviation accident occurred in a <a href="Wright_Model_A" title="Wright Model A">Wright Model A</a> aircraft at <a href="Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer</a> (now part of <a href="Joint_Base_Myer%E2%80%93Henderson_Hall" title="Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall">Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall</a>) in Virginia, on September 17, 1908, resulting in injury to the pilot, <a href="Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a>, and death of the passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant <a href="Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a>. The worst aviation accident in history was the <a href="Tenerife_airport_disaster" title="Tenerife airport disaster">Tenerife airport disaster</a> on March 27, 1977, when 583 people died when two Boeing 747 jumbo jets, operated by Pan Am and KLM collided on a runway in Los Rodeos airport, now known as Tenerife North.

An aviation incident is defined as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operations.<a href="#cite_note-AirSafe.com-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_traffic_control">Air traffic control</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></div>

Air traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation – that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas they may use <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> to see aircraft positions.

Becoming an <a href="Air_traffic_controller" title="Air traffic controller">air traffic controller</a> in the United States typically requires an associate or bachelor's degree from the Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative. The FAA also requires extensive training, along with medical examinations and background checks. Some controllers are required to work weekend, night, and holiday shifts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

There are generally four different types of ATC:

<ul><li>Center controllers, who control aircraft en route between airports.</li>

<li>Control towers of an airport. (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) horizontal, and 1,000 m (3,300 ft) vertical).</li>

<li>Oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over <a href="International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> between continents, generally without radar service.</li>

<li>Terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50–80 km (31–50 mi)) around busy airports.</li></ul>

ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under <a href="Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">instrument flight rules</a> (IFR) when they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under <a href="Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">visual flight rules</a> (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.

In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.

ATC does not control all flights. The majority of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flights in the United States and Canada are not required to contact ATC unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport, and in many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, air traffic control services are not available, even for IFR flights at lower altitudes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div>

Like all activities involving <a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, operating powered aircraft, from airliners to hot air balloons, releases <a href="Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and other pollutants into the atmosphere. <a href="Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a> such as <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation: for instance:

<ul><li>Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the <a href="Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>, mainly large <a href="Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliners</a>, emit aerosols and leave <a href="Contrail" title="Contrail">contrails</a>, both of which can increase <a href="Cirrus_cloud" title="Cirrus cloud">cirrus cloud</a> formation – cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Clouds can have both a cooling and warming effect. They reflect some of the Sun's rays back into space but also block some of the heat radiated by Earth's surface. On average, both thin natural cirrus clouds and contrails have a net warming effect.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li>

<li>Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly <a href="Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen compounds</a>, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li>

<li>Most light piston aircraft burn <a href="Aviation_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation gasoline">aviation gasoline</a> (avgas), which contains <a href="Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a> (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded motor <a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (mogas), and turbine engines and diesel engines – neither of which require lead – are appearing on some newer <a href="Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a>.</li></ul>

Another environmental impact of aviation is <a href="Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. <a href="Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">Sonic booms</a> were a problem with supersonic aircraft such as the <a href="Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innovation_and_development">Innovation and development</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">Fuel economy in aircraft</a> and <a href="Urban_air_mobility" title="Urban air mobility">Urban air mobility</a></div>

Air transportation is a mode of travel and commerce, involving the movement of people, goods, and animals through the atmosphere using aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters. It is a major mode for the overall transportation system, because of its speed and the ability to cover long distances quickly, connecting remote regions and major economic hubs. It plays a significant role in global trade and passenger mobility, influencing economic development and international relations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> However, its share of CO2 emissions is significant, accounting for 2% of global CO2 emissions in 2023, having grown faster between 2000 and 2019 than rail, road or shipping.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Even under the High Ambition scenario, where total emissions are reduced significantly, aviation emissions will still be a major concern.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

The <a href="International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA) has highlighted the need for ambitious policies in order to achieve significant reductions in aviation emissions, projecting that CO2 emissions from aviation could be lowered by up to 50% by 2050 with the right measures in place.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) also emphasizes the potential of accelerating the transition to <a href="Aviation_biofuel" title="Aviation biofuel">sustainable aviation fuels</a> (SAFs) and implementing efficiency technologies for both commercial and <a href="Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo aircraft</a> to achieve significant emission reductions.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> These commitments reflect a concerted effort by global organizations to address the <a href="Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">climate impact of the aviation sector</a>.

Two significant megatrends are observed in terms of air transport <a href="Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, <a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and digitalization. A report published by <a href="World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a> in 2025 showed a steady increase of <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> publication in air transportation, the majority of which being related to <a href="Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> and <a href="Security" title="Security">security</a>, followed by sustainable <a href="Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-54">[54]</a>

Sustainable Propulsion technologies are being developed to reduce emissions and improve environmental sustainability. Efficient aircraft turbines are used to improve <a href="Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">fuel efficiency</a>, reduce emissions and lower noise levels. <a href="Aviation_biofuel" title="Aviation biofuel">Aviation biofuels</a> aim for a reduction in CO2 emissions compared to traditional jet fuel. <a href="Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery-based electric</a> and/or <a href="Hybrid_electric_aircraft" title="Hybrid electric aircraft">hybrid aircraft</a> are being developed for short-haul and regional flights. <a href="Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a> are intended for <a href="Flight_length#long_haul" title="Flight length">long-haul flights</a> and heavy-duty applications.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a>

Automation and Circularity technologies are promoting efficient material use, smart production and <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, and enhanced recycling practices.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a>

Communication and Security technologies are revolutionizing air transportation by improving operational efficiency, safety and customer experience. They include navigation technologies such as advanced <a href="Air_traffic_management" title="Air traffic management">air traffic management</a> (ATM) systems, device-to-device technology, <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, low-latency internet, and cybersecurity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a> Analysis by <a href="McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> has stated that the rise in digital technologies has made aviation systems more vulnerable to cyberattacks, emphasizing the need for robust cybersecurity measures.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

Advanced <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">Human– Machine Interfaces</a>, such as <a href="Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">extended reality</a> technologies, <a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> technology, <a href="Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition technology</a>, touch displays and <a href="Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">data gloves</a>, and <a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up displays</a>, are making interactions more intuitive, secure, and responsive, thereby improving operational efficiency and user experience.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a>

The air transportation sector is undergoing a surge in <a href="Patent_application" title="Patent application">patenting</a> activity, with annual Air transport-related patent families increasing from under 1,100 in 2000 to over 12,800 in 2023 – a growth of 11%. <a href="China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> stand out for their high patent volumes and significant growth rates, although they exhibit a relatively low Relative Specialization Index, reflecting a broad approach to innovation at the country-level across various sectors. In contrast, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> demonstrate a high degree of specialization in Air transportation technologies reflecting a concentrated focus on advancing specific innovations in aviation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a>

Leading <a href="Airline" title="Airline">aviation companies</a> such as <a href="RTX_Corporation" title="RTX Corporation">RTX</a>, <a href="General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a>, <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce Holdings</a>, and <a href="Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell International</a> dominate the patent filings. The <a href="Aero_Engine_Corporation_of_China" title="Aero Engine Corporation of China">Aero Engine Corporation of China</a> leads in recent growth with a compound annual growth rate of 81.1%. Generally, Chinese patent owners exhibit strong recent growth in air transport patent, in contrast to the other top patentees. <a href="Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubushi Electric</a> in Japan is as the only non-Chinese entity among the fastest-growing patent owners, highlighting its strategic emphasis on Air transportation research and innovation. The diverse landscape underscores the dynamic interplay of high-volume patenting and strategic specialization across different regions, driven by both established aviation multinationals and emerging players.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flying#Q765633" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Flying">Flying</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a> – Science involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of airflight-capable machines</li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a> – Effect of emissions from aircraft engines</li>

<li><a href="Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline of aviation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flying#Q765633" class="extiw external" title="voy:Flying">Flying</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>

<li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviation" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Aviation">Aviation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Aviation" class="extiw external" title="v:Aviation">Aviation</a> at Wikiversity</li>

<li> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aviation" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:aviation">aviation</a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Aviation,_aerospace,_and_aeronautical_terms" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms">Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_lists99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aviation_lists99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="Lists_of_aviation_topics" title="Lists of aviation topics">lists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Aircraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_aircraft_manufacturers" title="List of aircraft manufacturers">manufacturers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">civil</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aircraft_engines" title="List of aircraft engines">Aircraft engines</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_aircraft_engine_manufacturers" title="List of aircraft engine manufacturers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aerospace_flight_test_centres" title="List of aerospace flight test centres">Flight test centres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_test_pilot_schools" title="List of test pilot schools">Test pilot schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_airlines" title="Lists of airlines">Airlines</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_defunct_airlines" title="List of defunct airlines">Defunct airlines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_helicopter_airlines" title="List of helicopter airlines">Helicopter airlines</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_airports" title="Lists of airports">Airports</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_air_display_teams" title="List of air display teams">Aerobatic teams</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_civil_aviation_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil aviation authorities">Civil Aviation Authorities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aviation_museums" title="List of aviation museums">Museums</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aircraft_registration_prefixes" title="List of aircraft registration prefixes">Registration prefixes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_commercial_jet_airliners" title="List of commercial jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_rotorcraft_manufacturers_by_country" title="List of rotorcraft manufacturers by country">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_air_forces" title="List of air forces">Air forces</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">Missiles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aircraft_weapons" title="List of aircraft weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">Commercial airliners</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_airliners_by_location" title="List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location">by location</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fatalities_from_aviation_accidents" title="List of fatalities from aviation accidents">Fatalities</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_deadliest_aircraft_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents">by death toll</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_general_aviation" title="List of accidents and incidents involving general aviation">General aviation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By registration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Airspeed</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">Altitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_distance_record" title="Flight distance record">Distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_endurance_record" title="Flight endurance record">Endurance</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_firsts_in_aviation" title="List of firsts in aviation">Firsts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-produced_rotorcraft" title="List of most-produced rotorcraft">Most-produced rotorcraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Aviation&oldid=1304223875">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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